Electronics > Sensor >> Ultransonic Sensor Views : 8134
Rate This Article :

Robot Car using Ultrasonic Sensor and L293D Shield

In this Article, you will get to know how to develop a Robot car using Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor which will take its decisions on it own when there is any obstacles in its running path.


Components Needed:

1. DC Gear Motor with Wheel - 2 Units
2. Front wheel - 1 Unit
3. Arduino UNO - 1 Unit
4. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) - 1 Unit
5. L293D Motor Driver/Servo Shield for Arduino - 1 Unit
6. Servo Motor - 1 Unit
7. 9V Battery - 1 Unit
8. Jumper Wires - 10

About Components:

Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):
It is used to calculate the distance between the Sensor and the objects in the path. The Trig Pin on the Ultrasonic Sensor is made logic high for at least 10µs and Sonic burst from Transmitter module will be sent and it consists of 8 Pulses of 40KHz. The Signal Sent from the Ultrasonic Sensor will return back after hitting the surface and receiver detect the Signal. 

L293D Motor Driver/Servo Shield for Arduino:
This is a Motor Driver which will seat on top of Arduino UNO and It is used to Provide Bi-Directional Movement (Front & Back) for two DC Motors.

Servo Motor:
This is used to rotate its axle to the given degree so that Ultrasonic Sensor sitting on it will sends a Signal to measure the distance.

Block Diagram:
UltraSonicSensorCarBlockDiagram.png
Circuit Diagram:

Arduino Ultrasonic and L293D Motor Shield


Algorithm:

UltrasonicSensorCarAlgorithm.png

Code:

#include <AFMotor.h>
#include <Servo.h>
#include <NewPing.h>

#define TRIG_PIN A4 
#define ECHO_PIN A5
#define MAX_DISTANCE 200 // sets maximum usable sensor measuring distance to 200cm
#define MAX_SPEED 130  // sets speed of DC traction motors to 180/256 or about 45% of full speed - to get power drain down.
#define MAX_SPEED_OFFSET 10 // this sets offset to allow for differences between the two DC traction motors
#define COLL_DIST 20 // sets distance at which robot stops and reverses to 20cm
//#define TURN_DIST COLL_DIST+20 // sets distance at which robot veers away from object (not reverse) to 40cm (20+20)
NewPing sonar(TRIG_PIN, ECHO_PIN, MAX_DISTANCE); // sets up sensor library to use the correct pins to measure distance.

AF_DCMotor motor1(1, MOTOR12_1KHZ); // create motor #1 using M1 output on Motor Drive Shield, set to 1kHz PWM frequency
AF_DCMotor motor2(2, MOTOR12_1KHZ); // create motor #2, using M2 output, set to 1kHz PWM frequency
Servo myservo;  // create servo object to control a servo

int curDist = 0;
String motorSet = "";
int speedSet = 0;
int isMovingForward = 0;

void setup() {
  //Serial.begin (9600);
  myservo.attach(9);  // attaches the servo on pin 9 (SERVO_2 on the Motor Drive Shield to the servo object

  myservo.write(50); // tells the servo to position at 80-degrees ie. facing forward.
  delay(1000);
  myservo.write(90); // tells the servo to position at 90-degrees ie. facing forward.
  delay(1000);
  myservo.write(140); // tells the servo to position at 90-degrees ie. facing forward.
  delay(1000);

  curDist = readPing();    // Get Ping Distance.
  delay(100);               // Wait for 100ms.
  curDist = readPing();
  delay(100);
  
  myservo.write(90); // Face Forward While Running
  delay(1000);
}


void loop() {
  OperateRobotCar();
}
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void OperateRobotCar() {
  int curLeft = 0;
  int curFront = 0;
  int curRight = 0;

  //Serial.println("Cur Distance - Coll Distance = " + String(curDist) + "Cm -" + String(COLL_DIST) + "Cm \n");

  if (curDist <= COLL_DIST && isMovingForward == 1)
  {
    isMovingForward=0;
    moveStop();
    delay(300);

    moveBackward();
    delay(500);

    moveStop();
    delay(300);

    curRight = lookRight();
    delay(300);

    curLeft = lookLeft();
    delay(300);

    if (curRight >= curLeft && curRight > COLL_DIST)
    {
      turnRight();
      delay(300);

      moveStop();
      delay(300);
    }
    else if (curLeft > COLL_DIST)
    {
      turnLeft();
      delay(300);

      moveStop();
      delay(300);
    }
  }
  else if (curDist > COLL_DIST && isMovingForward==0)
  {
    isMovingForward = 1;
    moveForward();
  }

  curDist = readPing();
}

int lookRight()
{
  myservo.write(144);
  delay(500);

  int distance = readPing();
  delay(100);

  myservo.write(90);
  return distance;
}

int lookLeft()
{
  myservo.write(54);
  delay(500);

  int distance = readPing();
  delay(100);

  myservo.write(90);
  return distance;
}

int readPing() { // read the ultrasonic sensor distance
  delay(70);
  unsigned int uS = sonar.ping();
  int cm = uS / US_ROUNDTRIP_CM;

  if (cm == 0)
  {
    cm = 250;
  }

  Serial.println(cm);
  return cm;
}


void moveStop() {
  if (motorSet == "STOP")
    return;

  motorSet = "STOP";

  Serial.println("Motor Stop\n");

  motor1.run(RELEASE);  // stop the motors.
  motor2.run(RELEASE);
}

void moveForward() {
  if (motorSet == "FORWARD")
    return;

  motorSet = "FORWARD";
  Serial.println("Move Forward\n");

  motor1.run(FORWARD);      // turn it on going forward
  motor2.run(FORWARD);      // turn it on going forward

  for (speedSet = 0; speedSet < MAX_SPEED; speedSet += 2) // slowly bring the speed up to avoid loading down the batteries too quickly
  {
    Serial.println("SpeedSet - MaxSpeOffset" + String(speedSet) + "-" + String(MAX_SPEED_OFFSET) + "\n");
    motor1.setSpeed(speedSet + MAX_SPEED_OFFSET);
    motor2.setSpeed(speedSet);
    delay(5);
  }
}

void moveBackward() {
  if (motorSet == "BACKWARD")
    return;

  motorSet = "BACKWARD";

  Serial.println("Move Backward\n");

  motor1.run(BACKWARD);   
  motor2.run(BACKWARD);  

  for (speedSet = 0; speedSet < MAX_SPEED; speedSet += 2)
  {
    motor1.setSpeed(speedSet + MAX_SPEED_OFFSET);
    motor2.setSpeed(speedSet);
    delay(5);
  }
}

void turnRight() {
  Serial.println("Move Right\n");

  motorSet = "RIGHT";
  motor1.run(FORWARD);   
  motor2.run(BACKWARD);
  delay(400);
  motorSet = "FORWARD";
  motor1.run(FORWARD);
  motor2.run(FORWARD);
}

void turnLeft() {
  Serial.println("Move Left\n");

  motorSet = "LEFT";
  motor1.run(BACKWARD);
  motor2.run(FORWARD);
  delay(400); 
  motorSet = "FORWARD";
  motor1.run(FORWARD);      // turn it on going forward
  motor2.run(FORWARD);      // turn it on going forward
}

That's it. Circuit Connections and Program plays vital Role in completing this Project.
About Author
Raj Kumar
Total Posts 57
Developer in .Net!
Comment this article
Name*
Email Address* (Will not be shown on this website.)
Comments*
Enter Image Text*
   
View All Comments
claudio63
nice project, but i have robot car with four motors (4wd) what should i modify, thanks
Jitendra
Circuit connection information is unavailable please provide us
Nithin Samuel
super na,very informative article.
  Privacy   Terms Of Use   Contact Us
© 2016 Developerin.Net. All rights reserved.
Trademarks and Article Images mentioned in this site may belongs to Microsoft and other respective trademark owners.
Articles, Tutorials and all other content offered here is for educational purpose only and its author copyrights.